Heffernan v. City of Paterson, New Jersey - United States Supreme Court
Facts: Jeffrey Heffernan ("Heffernan") worked as a police officer in Paterson, New Jersey. Heffernan worked in the office of the Chief of Police who supported the incumbent mayor who was up for re-election. Heffernan's mother supported the mayor's challenger and asked her son to pick up a sign supporting the challenger. When Heffernan went to get the sign and talked to campaign staff of the mayor's challenger, other members of the police force saw him doing so and reported Heffernan to the Chief of Police. The next day, Heffernan's supervisors demoted him from detective to patrol officer and assigned him to a "walking post". This was apparently done to punish Heffernan for what his supervisors thought was "overt involvement" in the challenger's campaign for mayor. (However, Heffernan was simply picking up the sign for his mother and was not involved in the challenger's campaign).
Heffernan subsequently brought suit and claimed that the Chief of Police and others had demoted him because he had engaged in conduct that (on their mistaken view of the facts) constituted protected speech. The District Court held that since Heffernan had not actually engaged in any First Amendment conduct, the respondents had not deprived him of any constitutionally protected speech (and therefore not retaliated against Heffernan). The Third Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the District Court's ruling on the grounds that a free speech retaliation claim is actionable only where the adverse action was prompted by an employee's actual (rather than perceived) exercise of constitutional rights.
Holding: The United States Supreme Court began its analysis with a nod to the fact that an employer cannot discharge or demote an employee because that employee supports a particular political candidate. For the sake of this case, the Court assumed the activities in which the Chief of Police though Heffernan engaged in are of a kind that cannot be constitutionally prohibited or punished by an employer. As well, it was assumed that Heffernan's employer demoted him out of an improper motive.
In this instance, the Court relied upon the notion that Heffernan's employer's reason for demoting him is what counts. The facts had apparently established that Heffernan was demoted out of a desire to prevent him from engaging in political activity protected by the First Amendment. Even though Heffernan's employer made a factual mistake about Heffernan's behavior (he was not involved in the challenger's campaign...but was instead just picking up a sign for his mother), that did not mean the employer could escape liability for its retaliation.
Judgment: The United States Supreme Court reversed and remanded the opinion of the lower courts and held that even when an employer's actions are based upon a factual mistake about an employee's behavior (as in this case), that employee is entitled to challenge the unlawful action and subsequent retaliation based upon an employee who is perceived to have engaged in protected First Amendment conduct.
The Takeaway: Will you look at that? We have a decision from the Supreme Court that did not end in a 4 - 4 split! (This case actually had six justices who sided with the employee here).
This was a very interesting case to read through in so much that it focused on the conduct of an employer who acted out of mistaken belief of the facts. While the employer had a strong argument to make that it had not violated Heffernan's First Amendment rights because it acted out of a mistaken belief of what actually happened, I think the Court got it right in this case. As the Court noted, the issue turned on the employer's reason for demoting Heffernan (mistaken belief of the facts or not). Based upon this reasoning, Heffernan's employer had violated his First Amendment rights by retaliating against him for apparently working with the challenger's campaign for mayor. Had this been the actual situation, this would have been a First Amendment violation. The fact that the employer was mistaken was soundly held to not impact the finding that the retaliation of Heffernan chilled his First Amendment right to free speech.
Majority Opinion Judge: Judge Breyer
Date: April 26, 2016
Opinion: hr.cch.com/ELD/HeffernanPaterson042616.pdf
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